The Geneva Agreement is an international treaty signed on February 17, 1966, between the governments of Guyana (formerly British Guiana) and Venezuela. The agreement was brokered by the United Nations to resolve a longstanding territorial dispute between the two countries. The main issue at stake was the border between Guyana and Venezuela, specifically the region known as the Essequibo.
Background of the Border Dispute
The border dispute between Guyana and Venezuela dates back to the colonial era when both territories were under Spanish rule. After gaining independence, both countries inherited conflicting territorial claims in the Essequibo region. The dispute intensified in the early 20th century when significant oil reserves were discovered in the area.
Efforts to Resolve the Dispute
Treaty of Washington (1897): In an attempt to resolve the dispute, a tribunal was established under the Treaty of Washington in 1897. The tribunal ruled in favor of Britain (Guyana’s colonial power), rejecting Venezuela’s claims. However, Venezuela did not accept the decision, arguing that it was coerced into signing the treaty.
Good Offices Process (1962-1966): In 1962, Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Britain and initiated direct negotiations with Guyana. Under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary-General, a Good Offices Process was established to facilitate talks between the two countries. This process eventually led to the signing of the Geneva Agreement in 1966.
Provisions of the Geneva Agreement
The Geneva Agreement consists of several key provisions aimed at resolving the border dispute:
Reference to International Court of Justice (ICJ): The agreement provides for a peaceful settlement through legal means. It states that if a satisfactory solution is not reached within four years from its signing, either party can refer the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for a binding decision.
Status Quo and Non-Use of Force: Both parties agreed to maintain the status quo in the disputed area and refrain from any acts that may aggravate the dispute or jeopardize peace and security.
Mixed Commission: The agreement establishes a Mixed Commission composed of representatives from Guyana, Venezuela, and a chairman appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The commission’s purpose is to examine all issues related to the border controversy and make recommendations for its peaceful resolution.
Good Offices of the Secretary-General: The Secretary-General of the United Nations is entrusted with providing good offices to facilitate negotiations between Guyana and Venezuela.
Current Status and Future Perspectives
Since the signing of the Geneva Agreement, efforts to resolve the border dispute have continued under the auspices of the United Nations. The Mixed Commission has held numerous meetings and engaged in dialogue, although a final resolution has not yet been reached. In 2018, Guyana submitted an application to the ICJ requesting a final and binding ruling on the validity of the 1899 Arbitral Award, which Venezuela disputes.
The ICJ began hearing arguments in March 2020, and a decision is expected in due course. Both Guyana and Venezuela have expressed their commitment to respecting the court’s decision.
Top 3 Authoritative Reference Publications or Domain Names Used:
United Nations Treaty Collection: This official website provides access to various international treaties, including the Geneva Agreement. It offers comprehensive information about treaty texts, signatories, and related documents.
International Court of Justice (ICJ): The official website of ICJ contains valuable information about ongoing cases, including Guyana’s application regarding its border dispute with Venezuela. It provides access to court documents, press releases, and judgments.
U.S. Department of State: The U.S. Department of State website offers insights into the historical background and current status of the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute. It provides diplomatic records, statements, and reports on the efforts to resolve the issue through peaceful means.
